Modern concepts of the pathophysiology of obesity date back to the end of the 18th century when Antoine Lavoisier established that life was synonymous with oxidation ( 8). In 1810, William Wadd (Secretary of the Royal College of Surgeons in London) stated that the increase of wealth and the refinement of modern times may have banished plague and pestilence, but it has introduced nervous disorders and increased the frequency of corpulence ( 7). In 1760, the English physician Malcolm Flemyng wrote that obesity can be called a disease, because it obstructs the free exercise of the animal functions and can shorten life ( 6). Two thousand five hundred years ago, Hippocrates cautioned that sudden death is more common in those who are naturally fat than lean ( 5). Evidence of obesity in humans can be found in primitive art that dates back to the Paleolithic age ( 4). Some would say that the obesity epidemic began in the 1980s, but history provides a broader view ( 1–3). When making treatment decisions, clinicians should consider body fat distribution and individual health risks in addition to body mass index. Weight regain is expected in all patients, especially when treatment is discontinued. Over-the-counter herbal preparations that some patients use to treat obesity have limited, if any, data documenting their efficacy or safety, and there are few regulatory requirements. Programs that are effective for weight loss include peer-reviewed and approved lifestyle modification programs, diets, commercial weight-loss programs, exercise programs, medications, and surgery. Weight loss is best achieved by reducing energy intake and increasing energy expenditure. The phenotype of “medically healthy obesity” appears to be a transient state that progresses over time to an unhealthy phenotype, especially in children and adolescents. Weight loss reduces all of these diseases in a dose-related manner-the more weight lost, the better the outcome. Obesity is associated with and contributes to a shortened life span, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, some cancers, kidney disease, obstructive sleep apnea, gout, osteoarthritis, and hepatobiliary disease, among others. Genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors influence the development of obesity, and both the general public and health professionals stigmatize those who suffer from the disease. The streamers that take part are LolRenaynay, and EatMyDiction1.The prevalence of obesity, measured by body mass index, has risen to unacceptable levels in both men and women in the United States and worldwide with resultant hazardous health implications.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |